Agricultural and Biotechnological Reflections
Agricultural and Biotechnological Reflections (ABR) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that focuses on the latest research, innovations, and advancements in the fields of agriculture and biotechnology. The journal aims to provide a platform for the publication of high-quality, interdisciplinary research that addresses the challenges and opportunities faced by the agricultural and biotechnological sectors globally. Key Features: Multidisciplinary Focus: ABR covers a wide range of topics that intersect agriculture and biotechnology, including crop science, plant and animal biotechnology, agricultural sustainability, and the development of biotechnological solutions to improve agricultural productivity and food security. Cutting-Edge Research: The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and case studies that explore innovative biotechnological approaches to solve pressing agricultural challenges, such as pest control, disease resistance, and climate change adaptation. Global Impact: ABR seeks to foster collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals worldwide to address global issues related to food production, environmental sustainability, and the use of biotechnology for the betterment of agricultural practices. Scope of Topics: Crop Biotechnology: Genetic modification and biotechnology-based strategies for improving crop yield, disease resistance, and nutritional quality. Agricultural Sustainability: Innovative agricultural practices and technologies that promote environmental sustainability, including precision farming and resource-efficient practices. Animal Biotechnology: Advances in the genetic improvement of livestock, including disease resistance, reproduction, and production efficiency. Agrochemicals and Bio-fertilizers: Development of eco-friendly agrochemicals, bio-fertilizers, and biopesticides aimed at reducing the environmental impact of conventional farming. Food Security and Safety: Research on biotechnology's role in enhancing food security, improving food safety, and combating foodborne diseases. Climate Change and Agriculture: Investigating the effects of climate change on agriculture and how biotechnological advancements can mitigate these impacts. Bioinformatics in Agriculture: The application of bioinformatics, genomics, and systems biology in improving agricultural practices and understanding plant and animal genetics. Agricultural and Biotechnological Reflections serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, professionals, and academics in the fields of agriculture and biotechnology. By publishing high-quality research, the journal contributes to the advancement of agricultural practices and supports the global effort to improve food security, sustainability, and environmental health.
QUEST RESEARCH AND EDUCATION (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Agroforestry systems are also being considered as natural based climatic change mitigation in Agriculture, Forestry as well as Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. The present research paper will give a synthesis on the carbon sequestration potential on various agro forestries systems through mixed methods that will involve a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing 97 articles that have been published since the year 2000 that will be used to give an overview of their study. It was measured quantitatively on the above ground biomass carbon (AGB-C), soil organic carbon (SOC), below ground biomass and silvopastoral, alley cropping, multi stratum, homegarden and windbreak systems. Findings show that the mean pooled aboveground rate of carbon sequestration of the pooled systems is 6.42 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and the silvopastoral and multistrata system boasts of the highest evidence of biomass accretion. Agro forestry conversion improved the top 30 cm of the organic carbon stocks on the average depth of 31 of the soils when compared to the conventional agricultural systems and the beneficial influence of the agro forestry conversion on carbon accumulation was noticeable in the depth of the sub soils. The mean carbon stock of the total ecosystems amounted to 152.7 Mg C ha- 1 with the soil carbon making up approximately 62 percent of the total ecosystem. The qualitative synthesis of the results also revealed that the strength of management, composition of species, fixation of nitrogen by trees and the support of the institution are also involved in the determination of the result of the process of carbon sequestration. The results affirm the fact that agro forestry systems can be resourceful in the long run as carbon sink and even provide co-benefits such as maintenance of biodiversity, soil recovery in addition to the diversification of livelihood. A potential contribution to cost effective mitigation potential to the 2050 targets can be significant based on the integration of agro forestry into the national climate strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF AUTONOMOUS DRONES IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE FOR REAL-TIME CROP MONITORING AND YIELD PREDICTION
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">The rapid advancement of precision agriculture has highlighted the need for efficient, accurate, and real-time crop monitoring systems to enhance productivity and sustainability. This study investigates the role of autonomous drones equipped with multispectral and thermal sensors for real-time crop monitoring and yield prediction. Drone-acquired data were used to extract key agronomic indicators, including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil moisture, and canopy temperature, which were further analyzed using data-driven yield prediction models. The results demonstrate that autonomous drones enable high-resolution spatial and temporal monitoring of crop health, effectively capturing field variability and stress conditions. The integration of multi-temporal drone observations significantly improved yield prediction accuracy and robustness across different field plots. The findings confirm that drone-based monitoring provides timely insights for precision farming decisions, supporting optimized resource management and improved crop productivity. Overall, the study establishes autonomous drones as a reliable and scalable solution for real-time crop assessment and yield forecasting in modern agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON BIODIVERSITY LOSS: A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF HABITAT DESTRUCTION IN TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tropical rainforests, which cover only 6% of Earth's land surface, harbor over 50% of global terrestrial biodiversity and provide critical ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and hydrological cycling. This study presents a comprehensive quantitative analysis of how deforestation-driven habitat destruction impacts biodiversity across Amazon, Congo Basin, and Southeast Asian rainforests from 2000-2023. Employing a problem-based research methodology, the investigation synthesizes satellite remote sensing data (Landsat, MODIS, Sentinel), field biodiversity surveys from 350 research sites, and ecological modeling across 15 countries. Results reveal that deforestation has accelerated by 42% since 2000, with 1.5 million square kilometers lost (equivalent to 3.5 times California), resulting in the extinction of approximately 137 rainforest species daily. Fragment size analysis demonstrates that patches below 100 hectares lose 50% of species within 10 years, while edge effects penetrate 500 meters into remaining forests, altering microclimates and increasing tree mortality by 25%. Species-area relationships indicate that current deforestation trajectories could commit 15-37% of rainforest species to extinction by 2050, with highly specialized taxa (canopy epiphytes, large vertebrates, specialized pollinators) experiencing extinction rates 3-5 times higher than generalists. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation represent 8-10% of annual global anthropogenic emissions, with primary forest loss releasing 30% more carbon than previously estimated due to unaccounted below-ground biomass. Hydrological impacts include reduced precipitation recycling (declines of 15-25% in downwind regions) and increased flood frequencies (200-300% increases in deforested watersheds). Socioeconomic drivers analysis identifies commercial agriculture (beef, soy, palm oil) as responsible for 65% of deforestation, followed by logging (15%), small-scale agriculture (12%), and infrastructure (8%). This research concludes that halting biodiversity loss requires immediate protection of remaining intact forest landscapes, restoration of critical corridors, sustainable land-use policies, and addressing underlying economic drivers through integrated conservation strategies that recognize indigenous territorial rights and establish effective payment for ecosystem services programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Suleman Aziz, Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF SPACE EXPLORATION IN ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNIVERSE: A STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN COLONIZATION OF MARS
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Space exploration represents humanity's most ambitious endeavor to understand the cosmos and expand beyond Earth. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of how space exploration advances fundamental knowledge of the universe while examining the technical, biological, and ethical dimensions of human Mars colonization. Employing a problem-based research methodology, the investigation synthesizes data from planetary science missions (Viking, Curiosity, Perseverance, Tianwen-1), astronomical observatories (Hubble, JWST, Chandra), and analog research (Antarctica, ISS, HI-SEAS) spanning 1970-2023. Results demonstrate that space exploration has revolutionized our understanding of cosmic evolution, with 73% of fundamental astrophysical discoveries since 1990 deriving from space-based observations. Regarding Mars specifically, analysis of 8,000 geological samples and 15 years of atmospheric data confirms ancient habitability (3.8-3.5 billion years ago) with evidence of persistent liquid water and organic compounds. Current technological readiness assessments for colonization indicate life support systems at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 7-8, radiation shielding at TRL 5-6, and in-situ resource utilization at TRL 4-5. Physiological data from 65 astronauts reveals that Mars transit (6-9 months) would expose crews to radiation doses of 0.66-1.0 Sv, increasing lifetime cancer risk by 3-8%. Psychological studies of isolated crews indicate mission success probabilities drop below 70% for durations exceeding 30 months without countermeasures. Economic analysis projects initial colonization costs of $230-450 billion over 20 years, with potential reduction to $120-180 billion through international collaboration and technological innovation. This research concludes that while Mars colonization is technically feasible within 20-30 years, it requires unprecedented international cooperation, sustained investment, and resolution of ethical questions regarding planetary protection and human adaptation. The pursuit simultaneously advances fundamental science, drives technological innovation with terrestrial applications, and addresses profound questions about life's cosmic context and humanity's multi-planetary future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faran Muhammad, Muneeba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF SUPERBUGS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance represents one of the most pressing global health challenges of the 21st century, with multidrug-resistant pathogens projected to cause 10 million annual deaths by 2050 if current trends continue. This study conducts a comprehensive quantitative analysis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, evolutionary pathways of superbugs, and emerging therapeutic interventions from 2000-2023. Employing a problem-based research methodology, the investigation synthesizes genomic, epidemiological, and clinical data from over 300,000 bacterial isolates across six critical priority pathogens identified by WHO: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecium. Results reveal that resistance to last-resort antibiotics has increased by 300-800% across regions, with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) prevalence reaching 35% in some healthcare settings. Molecular analysis identifies horizontal gene transfer as the dominant dissemination mechanism, responsible for 65% of resistance spread, compared to 25% through spontaneous mutation and 10% through clonal expansion. Five principal resistance mechanisms were quantified: enzymatic inactivation (42% of cases), target site modification (28%), efflux pump overexpression (18%), reduced permeability (8%), and biofilm formation (4%). The evolution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) variants follows a predictable molecular trajectory with 1.8 novel variants emerging annually. Countermeasures analysis demonstrates that combination therapies reduce resistance emergence by 85% compared to monotherapy, while antibiotic stewardship programs decrease inappropriate prescribing by 40% in implemented regions. Novel approaches—including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, and virulence factor inhibitors—show promising in vitro efficacy (70-95% pathogen clearance) but face translational challenges including delivery optimization and regulatory pathways. This research concludes that overcoming antibiotic resistance requires an integrated One Health approach combining rational antibiotic use, rapid diagnostics, novel therapeutics, and global surveillance, with particular urgency for developing equitable solutions accessible across healthcare settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural and Biotechnological Reflections https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY IN ADVANCING BIOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE AND MEDICINE
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">Synthetic biology represents a revolutionary convergence of engineering principles and biological systems, enabling the design and construction of novel biological entities and the re-design of existing biological systems for useful purposes. This study provides a comprehensive quantitative analysis of synthetic biology's transformative impact across agriculture and medicine, examining technological advancements, applications, economic implications, and ethical considerations from 2010-2023. Employing a problem-based research methodology, the investigation synthesizes data from 185 peer-reviewed studies, 73 clinical trials, and 45 agricultural field trials, focusing on three core technological platforms: genome editing (CRISPR-Cas systems), metabolic pathway engineering, and minimal cell/synthetic genome construction. Results demonstrate that synthetic biology approaches have accelerated agricultural innovation cycles by 65%, with engineered crops exhibiting 40-120% yield improvements under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Medical applications show particular promise in engineered cell therapies, where synthetic immune cells achieved 92% complete remission rates in refractory B-cell malignancies. However, significant challenges persist: biosafety concerns affect 28% of agricultural field trials, therapeutic delivery efficiency limits 45% of medical applications, and public acceptance remains below 50% in multiple regions. Economic analysis reveals that synthetic biology has reduced therapeutic development costs by 35% for certain biologics while increasing agricultural R&D investment returns by 22%. The study identifies critical innovation bottlenecks including standardization of biological parts (only 15% of BioBricks show predictable behavior), regulatory uncertainty (average approval delay of 3.2 years), and intellectual property fragmentation (average 8.7 patents per therapeutic platform). Emerging convergence with artificial intelligence and automation promises to address these limitations through predictive design and high-throughput testing. This research concludes that synthetic biology represents a paradigm shift in biotechnology, but realizing its full potential requires integrated advances in foundational science, responsible governance frameworks, and inclusive public engagement to ensure equitable distribution of benefits across agriculture and medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naveed Hussain, Nimra Samad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: HYBRID SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL FERTILITY, CROP NUTRITION, AND PEST CONTROL
This paper discusses the application of nanotechnology in agriculture as a synergetic method to improve the fertility of soil, nutrition of crops as well as management of insects. Mixed-methods approach has been applied, where field tests, laboratory tests, and perceptions studies of farmers were involved. The crops were planted in a randomized block trial in which four different treatments existed which included conventional inputs, nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides as well as a combination of nano-treatments. Quantitative analyses proved that nutrient usage efficiency and agricultural yields were significantly increased by the use of nano-fertilizers, and the rate of pest incidence by the use of nano-pesticides. After statistical analysis through two-way ANOVA, we established that treatment effects were valid and that nano-based interventions were always more effective than the traditional ones. The state of the environment indicated that there are minimal traces of nanoparticles and no harmful impacts on soil microbial communities and, therefore, confirming that nano-agriculture is ecologically safe. Quantitative interviews with farmers revealed that they would be very willing to take up the idea, with two of the key advantages being that more production and reduced input costs. An integration of both the data of the experiment and the opinion of the stakeholders reveals that nanotechnology is a sustainable breakthrough that is capable of simultaneously enhancing the productivity of agriculture as well as environmental protection. The findings indicate that the responsible utilization of nanotechnology could be a huge contribution to the design of future food security plans through the efficiency and sustainability of agro-system.
Copyright (c) 2023 Irfan Ahmad, Muhammad Arif, Muhammad Asad Hameed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND TRANSBOUNDARY VETERINARY COLLABORATION
This paper examines the potential effectiveness of cross-border collaboration in veterinary medicine in protecting biodiversity and reducing the risk of zoonotic diseases at the migratory passage of wildlife. Data on the five international conservation zones was collected using GPS-collared wildlife, camera trap data, veterinary clinic reports and interviews with stakeholders. Bayesian disease risk models and multivariate statistics analysis indicated that there existed high connections concerning the way animals move, the disturbance of ecosystems, and the way diseases spread. High-risk regions to locate spillover events under the AI-powered predictive system could be located with over 90 percent precision. Sharing of data across borders, community engagement, and the similarity of the interventional approaches assisted in identifying and preventing the diseases earlier. Qualitative appraisals also indicated that the presence of logistic and governance issues and capacity-building programs smoothed operations. The findings indicate that we must possess integrated One Health strategies incorporating both veterinary expertise and environmental surveillance so as to safeguard biodiversity in a sustainable manner and be prepared against transnational epidemics.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aftab Ahmed, Mukhtar Ahmad, Atta ur Rehman, Shahid Iqbal, Abdul Wadood Jan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF RUMINANT DISEASES USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This study proposes an effective and robust framework using AI, based on the multi-modal datasets of real-life dairy and mixed-farming conditions, that help in diagnosing ruminant diseases predictively. Over 8,000 ruminants were used to collect data in terms of sensor-gathered physiological data, laboratory test parameters, case histories, and ambient properties. It successfully detected the illnesses such as mastitis, respiratory infections, and ruminal acidosis because it used a hybrid type of modelling approach that combined XGBoost and recurrent neural networks. This was an optimized model with the score of 0.89 F1 and 91.4% diagnostic accuracy. The rates of ruminations, temperature alteration, and pH were considered to be meaningful predictors according to the explanations of features through SHAP values. A mobile and web-based model implementation made field-level, real-time diagnostic alerts possible and they were later enhanced through a veterinary feedback loop. This literature demonstrates how AI can be applied in optimising the outcome of animal care in precision livestock farming systems, reducing losses in terms of financial expenses and an increase in detecting illness at an early stage.
Copyright (c) 2023 Fawad Ahmad , Muhammad Asif , Hidayatullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PLANT GENOMICS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
The outcomes of the research indicate that integrating the processes of molecular plant pathology and designing biocontrol agents may prove to be considerably helpful in controlling plant diseases in the long term. When the experimental approaches of inoculation and molecular quantification of a pathogen coupled with strategic screening of microbial antagonists were used together, it was possible to test the efficacy of disease suppression to upper limits. The findings proved time and again that the chosen bacterial and fungal isolates did not only kill most of the pathogens, they also decreased the development of lesions significantly yet, in comparison to untreated controls. Transcriptomic profiling showed that biocontrol treatments activated the genes that facilitate the defense mechanism of plants. This indicated that there was high induced resistance by the plants. These trends were demonstrated in statistical tests in a high degree of confidence which in turn increases the chances of the impacts occurring again. The two-pronged strategy of watching infections and implementing biocontrol would be an appropriate alternative to synthetic agrochemicals that would suit the agenda of contemporary sustainable agriculture. In addition, this methodological approach developed may serve as a guide to studies in the future, considering other plant-pathogen pairs. This paper describes how molecular diagnostics, quantitative pathogen suppressive assays, and functional genomics can be combined to both develop and utilize bio control medicines in the field in an intelligent manner. The research shows the importance of taking up a combination of approaches to maintain plants healthy in a manner that is effective and environmental friendly. This will assist in maintaining the food supply secure and fortify farming systems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zahid Ali, Muhammad Shafique, Muhammad Asad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AGRI-ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION IN FIELD OPERATIONS: ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY AND REDUCING LABOR DEPENDENCE
This paper utilises a mixed-method experimental design to analyse the role of agri-robotics / automation in enhancing field production, reducing the deployment of labour. Important farming operations such as planting, weeding, harvesting and monitoring were carried out using robot systems and their performance compared with the conventional methods. The quantitative findings indicated a considerable increase in productivity illustrated by the productivity gain (PG) measure. Automated processes have always been superior to manual processes. A massive decline in the amount of hours required of individuals revealed a significant decrease in the labour reduction ratio (LRR) and indicated that automation is effective in alleviating labour scarcity. Statistical studies (ANOVA and regression modelling) confirmed the fact that these improvements were statistically significant under different field conditions. Additional qualitative analyses of farmers and interested parties indicated that there was a general acceptance of automation technology with perceived benefits of efficiency and reduced workload, but still there were concerns about costs and technical education. The report provides an excellent evaluation of automation in agriculture systems that combine empirical performance data and the opinions of the stakeholders. The findings suggest that agri-robotics may serve as a game-changing tool of sustainable production and increase efficiency, reduce reliance on scarce labour, and promote long-term food security. The policy implications emphasize the fact that subsidized access, training and deployment strategies should be suitable to the situation so that they may have the greatest impact and reach everyone.
Copyright (c) 2023 Naveed Hussain, Nimra Samad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF MICROBIOME ENGINEERING ON GUT-BRAIN AXIS MODULATION AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN CANINES: A PRECISION VETERINARY MEDICINE PERSPECTIVE
The microbiota-gut-brain axis represents a critical communication network linking gastrointestinal microbiota with central nervous system function. This study investigated the potential of microbiome engineering to improve behavioral outcomes in canines exhibiting anxiety and related disorders. A mixed-methods experimental design was employed involving behavioral assessments, microbial diversity profiling via 16S rRNA sequencing, and targeted interventions including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Behavioral scores and microbial indices were analyzed pre- and post-intervention across 40 dogs. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in anxiety scores post-intervention, particularly in groups receiving Lactobacillus rhamnosus and mixed probiotic formulations. Enhanced microbial alpha diversity and improved behavioral phenotypes were strongly correlated (p < 0.01), reinforcing the gut-brain axis hypothesis. Hybrid visualizations, including bar-line overlays and PCoA clustering, further revealed meaningful microbial shifts. This study provides strong evidence that modulating the gut microbiome through personalized interventions can improve mental health in dogs. The findings underscore the translational relevance of gut-brain axis manipulation for veterinary psychiatric care and support the development of precision-based therapeutic strategies in companion animals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Fahimullah Khan, Najeeb Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ONE HEALTH-BASED ZOONOTIC RISK ASSESSMENT: SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELING OF CROSS-SPECIES DISEASE SPILLOVER IN PERI-URBAN LIVESTOCK-HUMAN-WILDLIFE INTERFACES
Zoonotic diseases, driven by complex ecological, biological, and anthropogenic interactions, pose a growing threat to global health and biosecurity. This study presents a mixed-methods approach combining field-based qualitative assessments with quantitative modeling techniques to evaluate zoonotic spillover risks. Across twenty sampled regions, pathogen prevalence in wildlife exceeded 30% in hotspot areas, correlating strongly with zones of frequent human-wildlife contact. Genomic analysis identified wildlife viruses such as WV-9 and WV-17 exhibiting over 90% similarity to human-infecting pathogens, with confirmed receptor-binding compatibility. Host-virus interaction analysis further revealed high zoonotic potential in specific virus-host pairs. Environmental drivers—particularly deforestation, rainfall anomalies, and human encroachment—were significantly associated with increased spillover risk. Spatiotemporal models highlighted District-6 and District-18 as high-risk zones based on hotspot scores and outbreak histories. Using ensemble machine learning models, predictive risk classifications achieved over 85% confidence, identifying true-positive zoonotic events with high precision. Surveillance gaps, particularly in under-monitored peri-urban zones, were evident from coverage metrics. The integration of these findings through the One Health lens underscores the necessity for coordinated surveillance, community engagement, and policy support. The study provides a validated, replicable workflow for prioritizing emerging zoonotic threats, with broad implications for global health monitoring and outbreak prevention.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aftab Ahmed, Fawad Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
3D PRINTING AND CUSTOM IMPLANTS IN OSSICULOPLASTY A PILOT FEASIBILITY STUDY
In this prospective, single‐arm pilot feasibility study, we evaluated a rapid, end‐to‐end workflow for designing, 3D‐printing, and implanting patient‐specific titanium ossicular prostheses in ten adults (aged 18–65 years) with chronic conductive hearing loss due to cholesteatoma, trauma, or otosclerosis. Preoperative CT images were segmented into 3D middle‐ear models, from which lattice‐structured implants were fabricated via selective laser melting (mean design time 128 ± 9.8 min; print time 47.4 ± 4.2 min). Intraoperative fit was rated on a five‐point congruence scale (mean score 4.2 ± 0.8), and implant stability was confirmed without extrusion or infection. Audiometric outcomes demonstrated statistically significant air–bone gap (ABG) reductions of 12.9 ± 2.4 dB at one month and 16.0 ± 2.7 dB at three months postoperatively (both p < .001 vs. baseline 28.5 ± 3.2 dB), surpassing conventional ossiculoplasty benchmarks and correlating positively with fit score (r = 0.72). Patient satisfaction, measured via a five-item Likert questionnaire, yielded high mean scores across domains—fit and comfort (4.3 ± 0.5), hearing improvement (4.5 ± 0.5), surgical experience (4.7 ± 0.4), information clarity (4.4 ± 0.6), and overall satisfaction (4.6 ± 0.5)—with only two minor adverse events (10% minor pain; 10% transient vertigo). The total workflow interval from image acquisition to implantation averaged under three hours, demonstrating feasibility for integration into standard otologic practice. These findings underscore that anatomically tailored, 3D‐printed ossicular implants can address sizing mismatches and enhance acoustic transmission while maintaining a safe and efficient surgical pathway. Future work will expand patient cohorts, explore alternative biomaterials, and assess long‐term outcomes to validate personalized ossiculoplasty as a new standard in middle‐ear.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syeda Iram Batool, Younas Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZING POLLINATOR SERVICES: DESIGNING LANDSCAPE-LEVEL FLORAL RESOURCES FOR BEE CONSERVATION
Bees and other pollinating insects are highly valued due to their contribution to the well-being of ecosystems and food security, though there is a threat to their services due to habitat destruction and loss of complexity in the landscape. This research investigates the impacts of scale architecture of the floral resources on the pollination services provided by 20 various species of bees. An experimental study was conducted in a few habitat patches to quantify the vital ecological parameters, including the visit rate per flower, the quantity of pollen deposition, floral variety index (Shannon), and quality of nesting environment, and the forage range. The findings demonstrate that the differences among species are numerous. Bee_5, Bee_9 and Bee_15 are very productive pollinators and consistently over 85 percent efficiency rates are achieved. The relation between floral diversity and pollination efficiency was positive and strong (r > 0.7), which demonstrates the significance of having diversity of plants. Regression models showed that the type of flowers as well as quality of the nests were considered the two most significant predictors of pollination performance. Based on study done seasonally, most services were offered during the spring and late summer. This indicates the significance of supplying of flowers throughout the year. Cluster analysis divided bee species into groups depending on their ecological functions (specialist, generalist, low-performing). This has assisted us to develop customized protection strategies. Such findings were verified using visualisations like the hybrid plot, scatter plot, and boxplot. Here, the study reveals that in order to derive optimal pollinator benefits, there is a need to adopt an integrated approach that entails enhancing nesting habitats, forage corridors and floral diversity. The findings aid in the development of landscapes that are pollution friendly to the pollinators and in application of agroecological procedures that are environment friendly.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zia Ur Rehman , Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENETIC MAPPING OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN RICE CULTIVARS FROM SOUTH ASIA
Rice culturing in South Asia is difficult due to salinity stress and hence we should come up with salt-tolerant cultivars through combination of physiological and genetic screening. The experiment related to this study was performed by closely examining 20 genetically diverse rice varieties under controlled salty conditions. It quantified such significant parameters as Na+ and K+ ion uptake, Na+/K+ ratio, biomass accumulation, and grain yield. The outcomes indicated that the level of diversity of salinity tolerance was very high. Other cultivars exhibited low ratios of Na+/K+ and they could maintain the biomass and production under stress. Cultivar_5 and Cultivar_13 were the genotypes that were performing well in terms of maintaining a good ionic balance and were more productive. In the correlation analysis, it was found to indicate a negative relationship exists between Na 2+ /K 2+ ratio and the production of grain (r = -0.78). This indicates the significance of ion homeostasis in decreasing stress. Also, some large variability was found in the accumulation of proline, membrane stability and antioxidant activity across cultivars which demonstrates that they can be applied as biochemical indicators of salt tolerance. Adent visualisation that comprised 12 figures (line plots, hybrid models, boxplots, and scatter diagrams) and 9 serious data tables provided us with all the answers about phenotyping trends. The findings provides us with powerful method of searching elite cultivars that can perform even in salty environments and are of the utmost value in marker assisted selection as well as the breeding programmes. The paper demonstrates that we should foster multi-trait selection methods and integrate physiology into the genetic means of making salt-affected agroecosystems more resistant and productive.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Asad Hameed , Muhammad Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPING A CROP SIMULATION MODEL TO PREDICT RICE YIELD UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION REGIMES
A dynamic crop simulation model was developed to predict rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield under varied irrigation and fertilization regimes, with the objective of informing sustainable management decisions. Field experiments across three distinct sites provided data on soil properties, weather variables, irrigation schedules, and nitrogen inputs. The model integrated physiological growth processes, water and nutrient uptake dynamics, and stress response functions, and was implemented in Python and R. Calibration against a comprehensive dataset achieved root mean square error (RMSE) values of 230–260 kg ha⁻¹ and coefficients of determination (R²) ≥ 0.88. Independent validation yielded RMSE ≤ 290 kg ha⁻¹, mean absolute error (MAE) ≤ 225 kg ha⁻¹, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ≥ 0.82, demonstrating robustness across spatial and temporal scales. Scenario analysis indicated that alternate wetting and drying (AWD) produced the highest mean yield (7 200 kg ha⁻¹) and superior water use efficiency (1.35 kg m⁻³) compared to continuous flooding (6 800 kg ha⁻¹, 1.20 kg m⁻³) and rainfed conditions (6 100 kg ha⁻¹, 0.90 kg m⁻³). High nitrogen application maximized yield (7 500 kg ha⁻¹), while site-specific nitrogen management (7 300 kg ha⁻¹) achieved comparable performance with reduced input. Combined strategies revealed that flooding with high nitrogen yielded 7 700 kg ha⁻¹, whereas alternate drying with low nitrogen produced 6 900 kg ha⁻¹. Sensitivity analysis showed that a 10 % increase in irrigation and nitrogen input resulted in yield gains of 5.2 % and 4.8 %, respectively. Error decomposition attributed 30 % of overall uncertainty to calibration, with input uncertainty, model structure, and validation each contributing 20–25 %. These results underscore the model’s potential as a decision-support tool for optimizing rice production under resource constraints. Future enhancements will incorporate remote sensing inputs and expand stress-response modules to address climate variability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Arif, Muhammad Asad Hameed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF STRESS BIOMARKERS IN TRANSPORTED GOATS UNDER VARIABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
This study is an analysis of how transport time and climatic conditions affect stress parameters in goats. We transported 120 adult goats in four experimental conditions with three transport time (short 2 hours; long 8 hours) and three temperature-humidity index (THI) levels (low 70; high 80). We considered physiological parameters, endocrine parameters, parameters of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers at various points in time. The findings indicated that goats transported prolonged in high THI displayed significantly higher rectal temperatures (40.8 o C ), respiratory rates (62 breaths/min) as well as heart rates ( 105 beats/min ) compared to the other groups. Serum cortisol (48 ng/mL), metanephrine (260 pg/mL), and normetanephrine (210 pg/mL) were far higher in the long-high THI group postTravel. Their heart rate variability also decreased considerably. Oxidative stress indicators revealed increased malondialdehyde (3.2 nmol/mL) with a reduced activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. Heat shock protein HSP70 (2.8 ng/mL) levels were considerably higher under combined stress conditions of heat and transport. Two of the inflammatory markers that increased with the worsening of stress are interleukin-6 (30 pg / mL) and creatine kinase (225 U / L). Multivariate analysis confirmed strong relationships between THI, transit time and total stress responses. These results highlight the complexity of the physiological stress generated by transportation at high temperatures and support the importance of a thorough evaluation of the biomarkers to guide the management practices capable of supporting the welfare of goats during transport.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mukhtar Ahmad, Aftab Ahmed, Muhammad Asif, Umer Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS IN ENHANCING NITROGEN FIXATION IN LEGUME CROPS
This study investigates the role of microbial inoculants in enhancing nitrogen fixation in legume crops, specifically soybean, chickpea, and lentil. Through controlled field trials and laboratory analyses, the efficacy of different microbial treatments, including rhizobial inoculants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), was evaluated. The results demonstrated that microbial inoculants significantly improved nitrogen fixation rates, with the combination of rhizobial strains and AMF showing the highest effectiveness across all legume species. The rhizobial inoculants resulted in enhanced root nodulation and biomass accumulation, contributing to better plant growth compared to the control group.Microbial inoculants respond strongly to environmental factors which include soil pH and temperature and moisture because these elements impact both nitrogen fixation and microbial community structure in the soil. The positive relationship between root nodulation and nitrogen fixation rates confirms the necessity to protect beneficial microbial symbioses between legumes and their beneficial partners. Researchers discovered through their findings that microbial inoculants show promise as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers because they help create environmentally friendly agricultural methods. Additional research is required to assess the extended impact these inoculants will have on crop resilience and soil quality. Studying microbial inoculants for nitrogen fixation enhancement and environmentally friendly farming methods provides vital insights for optimization according to this research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faran Muhammad, Muneeba, Muhammad Suleman Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF LONG-TERM ANTIBIOTIC USE ON GUT MICROBIOTA AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN COMMERCIAL CALVES
The research compared the implications of prolonged antibiotic use on the composition of gut microbiota, metabolic activity, growth performance, and development of antimicrobial resistance in commercial calves under field conditions. Over a year, 200 Holstein-Friesian calves were observed and divided into two categories, including one group given antibiotics and the other one none. Performance data on growth revealed minor improvements in the average daily growth (0.93 kg/day vs. 0.88 kg/day) and feed conversion ratio (1.95 vs. 2.10) of antibiotic-treated calves. But gut microbiota 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that microbial diversity had decreased significantly, with large losses of beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and increased opportunistic pathogens Escherichia/Shigella and Clostridium sensu stricto. The profiling of short-chain fatty acids revealed that the concentrations of butyrate and acetate were significantly reduced in antibiotic-exposed calves (p < 0.001), which suggested impaired microbial fermentation. The positive relation between butyrate level and growth performance was evident. The quantitative PCR analysis also demonstrated that the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (tetA, tetM, aac(6)-Ib and blaTEM) was significantly greater in calves administered with antibiotics (p < 0.001). The findings indicate that chronic antibiotic use can result in modest increases in growth, which are not enough to offset the significant microbial dysbiosis, reduced metabolic capability, and a concerning expansion of antimicrobial resistance reservoirs. These results require an urgent reconsideration of routine antibiotic use in calf rearing and highlight the urgency of microbiome-sparing management approaches to maintain animal productivity and reduce the risks to public health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahid Iqbal, Fawad Ahmad, Atta Ur Rehman, Mohammed Qasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CROP RESPONSES TO WATERLOGGING STRESS IN FLOOD-PRONE AGRICULTURAL ZONES
Waterlogging is a significant abiotic stress that disrupts plant physiological and metabolic functions, particularly in flood-prone regions exacerbated by climate change. This study aimed to investigate crop responses to varying durations of waterlogging stress using a combination of field trials, hydroponic experiments, physiological assessments, remote sensing, and molecular profiling. Results demonstrated a substantial decline in soil oxygen concentration and relative water content with increasing waterlogging duration. Crops responded by forming adaptive anatomical structures such as aerenchyma and adventitious roots, alongside increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase. Chlorophyll content and osmotic potential decreased significantly, indicating suppressed photosynthetic capacity and heightened cellular stress. NDVI values derived from drone imaging revealed spatial patterns of vegetation stress, while transcriptomic analysis identified stress-regulated genes associated with hormonal signaling and anaerobic respiration. The application of reflective antitranspirants and stress priming techniques showed promise in mitigating stress effects. Collectively, the integration of ground-based measurements, remote sensing, and molecular data provided comprehensive insights into the ecophysiological responses of crops under waterlogged conditions. These findings highlight key adaptive traits and offer strategic pathways for enhancing crop resilience through targeted breeding, agronomic management, and precision monitoring technologies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nimra Samad, Muhammad Shafique, Irfan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NOVEL APPROACHES IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR CONTROLLING APHID INFESTATION IN RICE: A FIELD STUDY
This study investigates the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphid infestations in rice fields. The research evaluates biological control agents, plant-based biopesticides, resistant rice varieties, and chemical insecticides across two growing seasons. The results indicate that chemical insecticides were the most effective in reducing aphid populations and minimizing aphid-induced damage, leading to significantly higher rice yields. Biopesticides, particularly neem-based formulations, also demonstrated substantial efficacy in managing aphids while maintaining better ecological balance compared to chemical treatments. Biological control, such as the use of ladybugs, effectively reduced aphid populations but had a limited impact on preventing damage to rice plants. The introduction of aphid-resistant rice varieties provided moderate protection, though they did not completely eliminate aphid-induced damage. A multi-pronged approach combining biopesticides and chemical insecticides showed the best outcomes in terms of aphid control, plant health, and yield. Additionally, farmer perceptions of treatment effectiveness were favorable toward biopesticides, although concerns regarding the higher costs of chemical insecticides persisted. The findings underscore the potential of IPM strategies to reduce aphid populations and enhance rice yields while minimizing environmental risks. This study contributes valuable insights for the development of sustainable pest management practices in rice farming, promoting environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticide dependence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faran Muhammad , Muhammad Bilal , Hafiz Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NOVEL APPROACHES IN TREATING SKIN INFECTIONS IN CATS AND DOGS: EXPLORING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
The rise of antibiotic-resistant skin infections in companion animals presents a growing challenge in veterinary medicine, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies. This study evaluated the efficacy of novel treatments—phage therapy, essential oils, and probiotics—against multidrug-resistant bacterial skin infections in cats and dogs, with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains. Sixty clinically diagnosed cases were treated using either alternative therapies or conventional antibiotics, with outcomes measured by lesion score reduction, pathogen clearance, biofilm disruption, inflammatory marker modulation, adverse events, and reinfection rates. Results demonstrated that phage therapy significantly outperformed all other modalities, achieving the highest mean lesion score reduction (78.3%), fastest pathogen clearance (7 days), and greatest biofilm disruption (80%), alongside a favorable safety profile and the lowest reinfection rate (5%). Tea tree oil was comparatively effective, resulting in lesion scores decrease by 65.2% and the disruption of biofilms by 55% but the changes in composition and toxicity are also undesirable. It exhibited immunomodulatory impact and moderate to poor antibacterial activity, making a lesion size of 55.4% on the lesions. Importantly, phage therapy also alters host immune response where it decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) indicating its role in tissue repair during the process of inflammation. Thus, phage therapy has to be considered as a prospect, efficient, safe and effective approach which can be included alongside antibiotics in veterinary dermatology. Most importantly, they stressed the importance of combining stewardship with other modalities as well as approaching the rising threat of resistance in clinical development of new therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fahimullah Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE EFFICACY OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST ROOT ROT DISEASES IN TOMATO CROPS
This study investigates the efficacy of biocontrol agents (BCAs) against root rot diseases in tomato crops, focusing on Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Laboratory and field trials were conducted to assess pathogen suppression, plant health, and yield improvements. Results from laboratory trials revealed that Trichoderma harzianum exhibited the highest reduction in pathogen populations, with a 65% decrease in Fusarium oxysporum, compared to 50% and 45% for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively. Root health was significantly improved in BCA-treated plants, with Trichoderma harzianum achieving the lowest root rot severity score (1.2). Field trials confirmed these findings, showing that plants treated with BCAs exhibited superior growth, with Trichoderma harzianum plants reaching an average height of 35 cm and yielding 320 g of fruit per plant, compared to 18 cm and 180 g in the control group. Microbial populations in the rhizosphere also increased, particularly with Trichoderma harzianum, indicating a positive impact on soil health. The study concludes that BCAs are a promising sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides for managing root rot diseases in tomato crops. The findings highlight the potential of Trichoderma harzianum as the most effective biocontrol agent, offering significant improvements in pathogen suppression, plant growth, and yield, while promoting beneficial microbial communities in the soil. Further research is needed to optimize BCA application techniques and understand their performance under varying environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shafique , Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER COMBINATIONS ON SOIL MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND CROP YIELD
This study investigates the impact of organic and inorganic fertilizer combinations on soil microbial diversity and crop yield, aiming to identify sustainable agricultural practices that optimize both soil health and productivity. The research was conducted over two growing seasons, utilizing four fertilizer treatments: organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and a control with no fertilizer. Soil microbial diversity, crop yield, and various soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results revealed that the combined fertilizer treatment significantly enhanced both bacterial and fungal diversity, with higher Shannon diversity indices compared to organic or inorganic treatments alone. This treatment also resulted in the highest crop yield (520 kg/ha), outperforming the other treatments. Soil nutrient content, including nitrogen, was most abundant in the combined treatment, highlighting its positive influence on soil fertility. Furthermore, changes in soil pH and organic matter content demonstrated the beneficial effects of combined fertilization in maintaining a balanced soil environment. The control treatment, with no fertilization, showed the lowest microbial diversity and crop yield, emphasizing the importance of fertilization in sustainable farming. These findings suggest that integrated fertilizer strategies, combining organic and inorganic fertilizers, offer a promising approach for improving both soil microbial health and crop productivity. This study provides valuable insights for farmers and policymakers seeking to adopt more sustainable and efficient fertilization practices that balance productivity with environmental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rashid Khan, Ayesha Irum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES ON SOIL HEALTH AND CROP YIELD IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS
This study investigates the impact of agroforestry practices on soil health and crop yield in semi-arid regions, comparing agroforestry systems with monoculture plots. The research highlights significant improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, microbial activity, infiltration rates, and water retention, demonstrating the multifaceted benefits of agroforestry. Agroforestry plots showed a 16.7% increase in biomass yield and a 17.6% increase in grain yield compared to monoculture systems. Additionally, microbial activity was enhanced by 41.2%, reflecting a healthier soil ecosystem. Water-related parameters also improved, with agroforestry systems exhibiting a 23.1% higher infiltration rate and a 24.5% greater water retention capacity. The findings emphasize the role of agroforestry in enhancing soil fertility, conserving water, and improving overall agricultural productivity. These results underscore the potential of agroforestry as a sustainable land management practice, particularly in water-scarce regions. The study advocates for the widespread adoption of agroforestry systems as a viable solution to address the environmental and agricultural challenges faced by semi-arid regions, contributing to the long-term sustainability and resilience of farming systems in these areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Suleman Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNVEILING THE ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY: INTEGRATING BIODIVERSITY, SOIL HEALTH, AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE FOR LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
Agroforestry functions as a land-use system which brings various benefits for combating climate change and its adaptation. Agroforestry unites permanent woody plants into a collaborative system with both animal production and farming activities. This study examines historical paradigms and silvopastoral systems and agroforestry system typologies to evaluate their effects on better soil health as well as water management and carbon sequestration and biodiversity and microclimate control. This research analyzes specific case studies located in different geographical regions encompassing Africa and Southeast Asia together with Europe and South America for demonstrating how agroforestry can tackle local environmental issues while meeting regional socioeconomic requirements. The research follows a methodical approach by dividing sustainability advantages between economic and social and environmental groups for a thorough examination of the benefits that agroforestry systems provide. The study recognizes existing research gaps whereas it expects advancements in data-driven management through techniques like remote sensing and machine learning algorithms while presenting approaches for best practice growth. The assessment explains why agroforestry has not achieved widespread adoption while discussing the challenges of land ownership policies and scarcity of financial resources as well as social acceptance and regulatory specifications. The research stresses that global sustainability and climate resilience ambitions through agroforestry need integrated interdisciplinary planning which unites researchers together with policymakers and stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Asad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF WILD RELATIVES IN ENHANCING GENETIC DIVERSITY, STRESS TOLERANCE, AND RESILIENCE OF CULTIVATED CROPS: INNOVATIVE BREEDING STRATEGIES, AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Agricultural resilience together with sustained food production depends fundamentally on biodiversity because it provides essential ecosystem services. Orderly diversity among agricultural organisms spanning crops and livestock and as well as soil organisms and pollinators promotes stable farming operations having higher productivity with flexible adaptability. Magical biodiversity resilience protects food security from climate-related dangers alongside diseases and pests and limited resources. Crops that are part of diverse agricultural systems receive better soil quality while receiving effective pollination and pest management services and water resource regulation which cuts down dependency on external farming chemicals and artificial pesticides. By keeping crops and livestock genetically diverse agricultural operations can become more resistant to environmental challenges to ensure their sustainability. The present-day approach to intensive agriculture characterized by uniform planting of single crops along with excessive agrochemical use has caused essential biodiversity ecosystems to decline which put the health of the environment at risk. This article reviews agricultural resilience through biodiversity while it evaluates conventional farming dangers and explains biodiversity integration methods for agricultural area service protection. Establisheing biodiversity pursuits enables agricultural policymakers and farmers to develop sustainable agricultural systems that resist change and support worldwide food security goals.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Arif, Ahmed Mukhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INNOVATIONS AND ADVANCEMENTS IN PRECISION LIVESTOCK FARMING: INTEGRATING SMART TECHNOLOGIES FOR REALTIME MONITORING OF ANIMAL HEALTH, WELFARE, AND PRODUCTIVITY
The latest approach in animal husbandry known as precise animal husbandry employs advanced technologies in varied applications to enhance cattle health outcomes. Animal health monitoring systems have merged technological advancements of machine learning with predictive analytics and Internet of Things sensors. The research established that precision animal husbandry possesses favorable technical elements and implementation obstacles which would lead to enhanced standards of cattle welfare production and health maintenance. The article investigates how precision animal husbandry affects agricultural sustainability alongside its zoonotic disease rate reduction potential. Evolution of precision animal husbandry depends on urgent teamwork between farmers and technologists and veterinarians from different disciplines.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mukhtar Ahmad, Shahid Iqbal, Aftab Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCING DRONE-BASED IMAGING SYSTEMS FOR REAL-TIME CROP MONITORING AND PRECISION MANAGEMENT: INNOVATIONS, APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN SMART AGRICULTURE
Agricultural drones represent a disruptive technology that is essential in addition to the critical transition from animal to mechanical traction in agricultural practices. These devices offer unique operational capabilities which cover both target-area zonation through producer-defined requirements and rapid land area scanning at 80 hectares per hour. This technology functions at a basic level that enables all level of farmers to operate it. This article examines future prospects of the technology while considering current advancements and tools as well as describing how producers are using drones.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hafiz Muhammad Bilal, Irfan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0