ECO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CROP RESPONSES TO WATERLOGGING STRESS IN FLOOD-PRONE AGRICULTURAL ZONES

Abstract

Waterlogging is a significant abiotic stress that disrupts plant physiological and metabolic functions, particularly in flood-prone regions exacerbated by climate change. This study aimed to investigate crop responses to varying durations of waterlogging stress using a combination of field trials, hydroponic experiments, physiological assessments, remote sensing, and molecular profiling. Results demonstrated a substantial decline in soil oxygen concentration and relative water content with increasing waterlogging duration. Crops responded by forming adaptive anatomical structures such as aerenchyma and adventitious roots, alongside increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase. Chlorophyll content and osmotic potential decreased significantly, indicating suppressed photosynthetic capacity and heightened cellular stress. NDVI values derived from drone imaging revealed spatial patterns of vegetation stress, while transcriptomic analysis identified stress-regulated genes associated with hormonal signaling and anaerobic respiration. The application of reflective antitranspirants and stress priming techniques showed promise in mitigating stress effects. Collectively, the integration of ground-based measurements, remote sensing, and molecular data provided comprehensive insights into the ecophysiological responses of crops under waterlogged conditions. These findings highlight key adaptive traits and offer strategic pathways for enhancing crop resilience through targeted breeding, agronomic management, and precision monitoring technologies.